Separated Migrant Children and Child Victims of Trafficking and Modern Slavery

1. Introduction and Definitions

This guidance sets out the steps which local authorities will take to plan for the provision of support for Looked After Children who are separated migrant children, or child victims of modern slavery including trafficking. Elements of this guidance will also be relevant for the care of Looked After UK nationals who may also be child victims of modern slavery. It does not provide detailed guidance on steps that local authorities will take, in partnership with other agencies, to identify and protect child victims of modern slavery, including trafficking, before they become Looked After. This is described in practice guidance: Safeguarding Children who May have Been Trafficked.

In February 2022, the Home Office announced that participation in the National Transfer Scheme is to become mandatory for all councils with responsibility for Children's Services. The Home Office will take into account a range of factors when deciding the number of children that will be allocated to a specific local authority including the proportion of separated migrant children.

The cohort of separated migrant children and child victims of modern slavery includes a wide range of children in a variety of circumstances that a local authority will need to be aware of to ensure that the child receives appropriate legal advice and support. Some will have been trafficked or persecuted and may have witnessed or been subject to horrific acts of violence. Other migrant children may have been sent in search of a better life or may have been brought to the UK for private fostering and subsequently exploited or abandoned when the arrangement fails.

There are a wide range of status possibilities for separated migrant children that the local authority will need to be aware of. In brief, the following categories regarding status are the most likely to be encountered. However, this list is not exhaustive and legal advice will be sought wherever there is uncertainty about a separated migrant child’s status.

Categories of separated migrant children include:

• Separated Migrant children: children who are claiming asylum, who are separated from both parents, and who are not being cared for by an adult who in law or by custom has responsibility to do so. Some will not qualify for asylum but may require ‘humanitarian protection’ (where an individual is found not to be a refugee under the Refugee Convention but they are nevertheless at risk of serious harm on return to their country of origin – see Home Office Guidance on Humanitarian Protection. Others may not qualify for any leave to remain in the UK. Their status will be determined by the Home Office;
• Separated migrant child not seeking asylum: a child who is not seeking asylum because their reasons for being here are not connected to seeking protection, or who may be undocumented, or is not seeking asylum because they have not been advised of the need to do so. The child may be separated from both parents and is not being cared for by an adult who in law or by custom has responsibility to do so;
• Unaccompanied EEA national child: a child who is a national of a European Economic Area country and who has entered the UK with a family member and has been separated from them or has entered independently. They have a right to reside in the UK for an initial period of three months. After this time, an EEA national child will only have a right to reside in the UK if they are exercising their free movement rights or are the family member of an EEA national exercising free movement rights in the UK;
• Asylum seeking child: a child who is in the UK with family members and may have been transferred to the UK under the Dublin III Regulation to join a close family member and have their claim for asylum processed here.

2. Responsibilities of the Local Authority

Where it is established that the referral concerns a young separated migrant child, regardless of the category, this will always satisfy the criteria for services to a Child in Need.

A separated migrant child will become Looked After by the local authority after having been accommodated by the local authority under Section 20(1) of the Children Act 1989 for 24 hours. Once accommodated, they will be subject to the appropriate regulations and the same provision as any other Looked After Child.

The local authority will have procedures in place to monitor their policies and performance and will record any modern slavery concerns on the child’s care plan.

As part of the general duty to assess and meet the needs of a separated migrant child, the local authority will ensure that the child has access to a legal representative.

Separated migrant children are highly likely to require specialist support from a variety of organisations and agencies.

3. Managing the Case

All professionals involved in the care of separated migrant children and child victims of modern slavery will be able to recognise indicators of trafficking, slavery, servitude and forced or compulsory labour and will have an understanding of the issues likely to be faced by these children.

This is a highly complex area of work and professionals will need to have available to them a solid understanding of the asylum process or colleagues or other professionals with such expertise.

The kinds of issues that may need to be negotiated include:

• An understanding of the Welfare Interview, Statement of Evidence Form;
• The purpose of the asylum case review;
• The importance of the substantive asylum interview;
• The different possible outcomes of a child's asylum claim and how that impacts on pathway planning.

Social workers will also have a broad understanding of the immigration system - for example, the immigration application process, different types of leave, making further leave to remain applications and the appeals process. Social workers will also have an understanding of the trafficking referral process and the wider child protection system around child victims of modern slavery, including how and when to refer a child to the National Referral Mechanism Digital Referral System: Report Modern Slavery.

In areas where the Independent Child Trafficking Guardians service has been implemented, if the social worker considers a child to be a potential victim of modern slavery, they should refer them to the ICTG service by completing the online referral form.

See also information on Independent Child Trafficking Guardians (ICTG) in the Hertfordshire Safeguarding Children Partnership Procedures, Safeguarding Children from Abroad (including Children who are Victims of Trafficking and Unaccompanied Asylum Seeking Children) Procedure.

Legal advice can only be provided by a registered immigration advisor, ideally one with expertise in working with children. Legal Aid is available for asylum cases and Looked after Children will generally be eligible.

Independent reviewing officers will be aware of the need to have regard to the child's needs as a separated migrant child or child victim of modern slavery, including trafficking, when planning and providing care. They will also have an awareness of the particular needs and issues children may face as a result of being a separated migrant child or child victim of modern slavery so that they can provide appropriate challenge at review.

Service providers will ensure that foster carers and all other care staff in placement settings are aware of appropriate steps to reduce the risk of trafficked children returning to their traffickers.

4. Assessment

Social workers will consider all separated migrant children as potential victims of modern slavery in the first instance until this possibility is either confirmed or discounted and they will also have an understanding of the trafficking referral process. The social worker will ensure that all separated migrant children have access to specialist asylum and/or immigration legal advice and representation in their assessment to ensure the child can fully present their case for asylum or leave to remain.

The Assessment will take account of:

1. The immigration status of the child;
2. The young person's ethnicity and religion;
3. Any safeguarding issues or factors that may indicate the child is or has been trafficked or may be a victim of compulsory labour, servitude and slavery;
4. The fact that many separated migrant and/or trafficked children are at risk of going missing from care, often within the first 72 hours, whilst others may be at risk of repeated missing episodes due to ongoing exploitation. Photographs of the child will be kept on file for use if they do go missing and be shared with the police in that instance. Photographs may include one of their full body length, one of their face and any others that depict distinguishing features;
5. Any family links that may be available to support the child (ensuring that any search for family members does not jeopardise the safety of the child). The child will always be consulted with and informed if family tracing is being undertaken or commissioned on their behalf (see British Red Cross - Find my missing family);
6. The young person's accommodation arrangements and needs;
7. The child's education needs and how these will be addressed through a Personal Education Plan;
8. The young person's local connection with the local authority area;
9. The young person's financial and other support;
10. The age assessment of the young person (where relevant) and any available information on their agent, their access into this country, the length of time they have been in this country and possible other connections; and
11. The child's health needs and any psychological or emotional impact of experiences as a separated migrant child or trafficked child, and any consequent need for psychological or mental health support to help the child deal with them.

Separated migrant children and child victims of modern slavery will need access to specialist legal advice and support. This will be in relation to immigration and asylum applications, and decisions and any associated legal proceedings. If they have been a victim of modern slavery, it may also be in relation to criminal proceedings or compensation claims. The assessment will note that specialist legal support is required and how it will be provided. The child's social worker will ensure that the child is accompanied in all meetings, including this meeting, with legal professionals. The person accompanying the child does not have to be the child's social worker.

In determining an unaccompanied young person's accommodation needs, the Assessment will have regard to his or her age and independent living skills and consider the intensity of service required. This may range between independent accommodation, semi-independent accommodation foster or residential placements, or in specific cases, a specialist residential therapeutic unit.

No assumptions will be made about the child's language skills. An appropriately qualified and vetted interpreter will be used to assist in all assessments.

The allocated social worker will complete a Case Record in all cases. Social workers will seek to pay particular attention to the detail of spelling names and of descriptions of familial relationships.

Planning for the child will include planning for a variety of possible outcomes regarding the child's immigration status - see Section 9, Asylum Process - Possible Outcomes.

Age Assessment

Children Act 1989 Guidance and Regulations - Volume 2: Care Planning, Placement and Case Review provides that in every case where someone seeking asylum claims to be a child but their age is in doubt they should be treated as the age they claim to be, unless, and until, a case law compliant age assessment shows them to be otherwise, or other documentary evidence of age comes to light.

Assessments will be undertaken in accordance with standards established in case law and will only be carried out when there is reason to doubt that the individual is the age they claim. In all cases where a referral is received concerning a  separated migrant child, the relevant Team will carry out an Assessment in accordance with the Assessment Procedure, to determine whether he or she is a Child in Need.

ADCS Age Assessment Guidance provides good practice guidance to help frontline social workers conduct age assessments of separated migrant children seeking asylum in the UK. It contains practical advice on preparing for, and conducting, age assessments, as well as addressing related issues such as trafficking, trauma and memory, and legislation and case law.

It forms part of a suite of publications including:

• ADCS and Home Office Age Assessment Joint Working Guidance;
• Information Sharing Proforma;
• Age Assessment Information Sharing for Unaccompanied Asylum Seeking Children: Explanation and Guidance.

BASW Age Assessment Practice Guidance brings together best practice on age assessment, useful techniques and information as well as exploring the relationship between existing and new legislation on age assessment and the implications.

The ADCS and Home Office Age Assessment Joint Working Guidance was updated in March 2023 to reflect the launch of the National Age Assessment Board, which began a phased rollout on 31 March 2023. The Board brings together a hub of specialist social workers, who will support local authorities and the Home Office to resolve age disputes by conducting age assessments. The Board will carry out full Merton-compliant age assessments upon referral from local authorities or on behalf of the Home Office, and will also use scientific methods to assess age once these are brought in.

The Board will set the national standard for age assessments, acting as a centralised team for local authorities and providing expert advice and training to improve the consistency and quality of how age assessments are carried out.

See also Age Assessment Process and Joint Working: Caseworker Guidance - immigration staff guidance on how the Home Office and local authorities in England assess age disputes from applicants claiming to be a child.

When assessing age of a separated migrant child, the recent case law 'BF Eritrea' highlights the concerns that the view of determining a child to be 'significantly over 18' will change to 'significantly over 25' which needs to be consider when a separated migrant child first arrives as the baseline of rejecting a person's claim to be a child without completing a full Merton compliant assessment (para 11-15).

5. Provision of Services

Separated migrant children will be provided with information about the services available to them from the local authority and other agencies.

The young person will also be given assistance to register with a GP and dentist and enrol in a local school or college. The health professionals and the school will be aware of the child's status and senior managers such as the Virtual School Head will be informed of the school placement. There will be a need to set out clearly any particular implications of the child's status for non specialist professionals such as GPs and teachers, including any urgency of involvement - particularly with health practitioners. The need for an interpreter will be considered to accompany the young person to appointments such as GP or school.

Where a young person's needs are for independent or semi-independent accommodation, and the manager agrees, assistance will be given with completion of the necessary Housing Application.

Where the Assessment identifies that a separated migrant child’s needs to be Looked After, all the procedures in relation to Care Plans, Health Care Plans, Personal Education Plans and Placement Plans will be completed. See Decision to Look After and Initial Care Planning Procedure.

With effect from 9 September 2021, Regulation 27B Care Planning, Placement and Case Review (England) Regulations 2010 (as amended by Care Planning, Placement and Case Review (England) (Amendment) Regulations 2021) and Children Act 1989 Guidance and Regulations - Volume 2: Care Planning, Placement and Case Review provide that those claiming to be under 16 should not be placed in an 'other arrangements' placement until an age assessment has been carried out and the child is assessed as being 16 or 17. The responsible authority will need to plan for suitable accommodation before, during, and after the assessment with particular care given to ensuring that the placement is fully risk-assessed – in many cases a solo foster placement or single occupancy children's home may be the most suitable setting.

Where an asylum-seeking person claims their age to be 16 or 17 they can be placed in an 'other arrangements' placement by a local authority only if such a placement is consistent with their welfare in line with the local authority's statutory duties. In cases where a separated migrant child's claimed age is 16 or 17 and they have been placed in an 'other arrangements' setting but on completion of a case law compliant age assessment are found to be under 16, the responsible authority has up to 10 working days following completion of the assessment to find a suitable alternative placement.

See also: Placement of Children Looked After and Care Leavers Aged 16 and 17 in Semi-Independent Placements Procedure.

For separated migrant children who are Looked After, the placement decision will also need to be informed by careful consideration of the wider support needs of the child, including their cultural and social needs. It may be that the accommodation setting, or carers cannot meet those needs on their own so other more creative ways, such as mentors or links to diaspora groups, could be used. As with all Looked After Children, a separated migrant child's ethnicity, cultural and linguistic background will be taken into account when placing the child with foster carers. However, these are not overriding considerations and will be taken into account alongside all the child's needs. Nevertheless, the placement will meet the child's needs as a whole and be consistent with their wishes and feelings.

Where there are safeguarding concerns relating to the care and welfare of any separated migrant child, including where modern slavery is suspected or has been identified, these will be investigated in line with the statutory provisions, Working Together to Safeguard Children statutory guidance and locally agreed protocols and processes. The opportunity to intervene to prevent any further exploitation might be very narrow, so the entry local authority will convene a strategy discussion as soon as possible and take any necessary immediate action to safeguard and promote the child's welfare. This strategy discussion will involve the police, immigration officials and any other relevant agencies and plan rapid further action if concerns are substantiated. For example, Police installed alarms, discussion with the child or young person about the use of mobile phones, etc.

Provision may need to be made for the child to be in a safe place before any further assessment takes place and for the possibility that they may not be able to disclose full information about their circumstances immediately. The location of the child will not be divulged to any enquirers until their identity and relationship with the child have been established and the local authority is assured of their motives, if necessary, with the help of police and immigration officials.

All separated migrant children who are eligible for a service will be entitled to financial assistance which will first be authorised by the manager. The social worker will arrange for payment of the relevant amounts in accordance with the local authority's financial procedures.

Travel cards or warrants will be issued to separated migrant  children in relation to appointments at the Home Office.

When an Assessment identifies that a separated migrant child does not meet the criteria for a service from Children's Services, but appears to be in need of services from elsewhere, the social worker will refer the young person to the appropriate agency which may be a different Children's Service, the Refugee Council, UK Visas and Immigration and/or an appropriate voluntary agency.

In such circumstances, the duty social worker will make an appointment for the young person and advise him or her of the name, address (including a map where necessary) and contact number of the person with whom the appointment has been made. In addition, the duty worker will send a copy of the Referral Form and Assessment Record to the relevant office.

In all cases where a service is to be refused, the social worker will consult his or her manager before the decision is made and the letter confirming the decision is sent. Any correspondence received in relation to the decision will be referred to the manager.

6. Withdrawal of a Service

The provision of a service is dependent on the young person continuing to qualify for the service.

Services to a separated migrant child may be withdrawn, for example, where another adult wishes to assume Parental Responsibility, and this is assessed as appropriate.

The service will not be withdrawn without a Child in Need Plan Review (see Hertfordshire Multi-Agency Children in Need Protocol and Procedures) and the agreement of the social worker's manager. Any such decision will be clearly recorded, with reasons. In all such cases, legal advice will usually be obtained before a final decision is made.

Where a service is withdrawn, the social worker will inform the Finance Office, if appropriate, immediately.

7. Separated Migrant Children Reaching the Age of 18

Planning transition to adulthood for separated migrant children is a particularly complex process that needs to address their developing care needs in the context of their immigration status.

Pathway planning to support an separated migrant child’s transition to adulthood will cover the areas that would be addressed within any care leaver's plan as well as any additional needs arising from their immigration status and the action required to resolve this (see Care Leavers and Transition to Adulthood Procedure).

Former separated migrant children who qualify as care leavers and who have been granted leave to remain, or who have an outstanding asylum or other human rights claim or appeal, are entitled to the same level of care and support from the local authority as any other care leaver.

The extent of any care leaver duties on local authorities to provide support to former separated migrant children who have turned 18, exhausted their appeal rights, established no lawful basis to remain in the UK and will return to their home country is subject to a Human Rights Assessment by the local authority. This is set out under the restrictions on local authority support for adults without immigration status.

For former separated migrant children whose long-term future is in the UK, transition planning will need to consider the challenges and issues facing any care leaver, such as education or preparing for independent living. Planning for children and young adults who have been granted refugee status or humanitarian protection will also consider when they may be required to make a further application for leave to remain.

Where a separated migrant child or child victim of modern slavery qualifies for local authority care leaving support, a personal adviser will be appointed to support them.

Pathway plans will always consider and reflect the implications for the child or young adult if their asylum claim is refused without a grant of leave, if their application to extend their leave is refused or if their appeal against a refusal is dismissed. In such circumstances, the person will become unlawfully present in the UK and be expected to make plans for a return to their home country. A plan for a return to their home country may also need to be made at any other point, should the care leaver decide to leave the UK.

Planning may have to be based around short-term achievable goals whilst entitlement to remain in the UK is being determined. For most separated migrant children who do not have permanent immigration status, transition planning will initially take a dual or triple planning perspective, which, over time will be refined as the young person's immigration status is resolved. Planning cannot pre-empt the outcome of any immigration decision and may be based on:

• A transitional plan during the period of uncertainty when the care leaver is in the UK without permanent immigration status;
• A longer-term perspective plan should the care leaver be granted long-term permission to stay in the UK (for example through the granting of Refugee Status); and
• A return to their country of origin at any appropriate point or at the end of the immigration consideration process, should that be necessary because the care leaver decides to leave the UK or is required to do so.

Assistance will be given in advance of their 18th birthday with the necessary applications for housing, Housing Benefit, and any other relevant benefits. The social worker will ensure that the young person has accommodation to which to move on his or her 18th birthday. The social worker will also ensure that the provider of the young person's present accommodation and the Finance Office is informed when the accommodation arrangement will end.

Access to Public Funds

Financial support for care leavers who are former separated migrant children will reflect their needs and their immigration status. Financial policies will highlight any entitlements and how their immigration status may affect these. Pathway plans will address employment opportunities and funding arrangements for education and training, taking account of the young person's immigration status.

If a young person has no recourse to public funds, they will be unable to access several welfare benefits and social housing. Subject to the Human Rights Assessment by the local authority under Schedule 3 Nationality, Immigration and Asylum Act 2002 (as amended), the provision of accommodation may form part of the leaving care support provided to a young person who has no recourse to public funds. For further information please go to the Families with No Recourse to Public Funds Procedure.

Having 'no recourse to public funds' does not prevent a person from accessing other publicly funded services, but many of these will have eligibility criteria based on immigration status which will need to be considered (see NRPF Guidance - Benefits that are not public funds).

8. Review of Services

Where a young person is Looked After, his or her case will be reviewed in accordance with the Looked After Reviews Procedure.

Any other services provided will be reviewed at least every 6 months as set out in the Hertfordshire Multi-Agency Children in Need Protocol and Procedures.

In advance of each review, the social worker will send the young person a Checklist setting out the documents which the social worker requires to be produced at the Review, such as confirmation of registration with a GP, enrolment at schools/college and updated information concerning their asylum status.

The young person will be invited to the Review and an interpreter will be booked as necessary.

Independent Reviewing Officers will be aware of the need to have regard to the child's needs as a separated migrant child or child victim of modern slavery, including trafficking, when planning and providing care. They will also have an awareness of the needs and issues children may face because of being a separated migrant child or child victim of modern slavery so that they can provide appropriate challenge at review. Service providers will ensure that foster carers and all other care staff in placement settings are aware of appropriate steps to reduce the risk of trafficked children returning to their traffickers.

Guidance for cases where the child has been the subject of sexual exploitation can be found at Child Sexual Exploitation: Definition and Guide for Practitioners.

Where a Review confirms the service, the Financial Assessment Form will be updated. Where additional support services are identified as necessary, the Plan will be updated to reflect this.

Where services are withdrawn because of the Review, the relevant teams will be notified immediately.

9. Asylum Process - Possible Outcomes

There are four main possible outcomes of the asylum process for a separated migrant child, which will determine what the long-term solution might be:

• Granted refugee status (i.e., granted asylum), with limited leave to remain for five years, after which time they can normally apply for settlement (i.e. indefinite leave to remain);
• Refused asylum but granted humanitarian protection, with limited leave to remain for five years, after which time they can normally apply for settlement (i.e., indefinite leave to remain). This is most commonly granted where the person is at risk of a form of 'ill treatment' in their country of origin but which does not meet the criteria of the Refugee Convention.
  
  As it is very likely that those granted refugee status or humanitarian protection will qualify for indefinite leave to remain, their care and pathway planning will primarily focus on their long-term future in the UK, in the same way as for any other care leaver;
• Refused asylum but granted Unaccompanied Asylum-Seeking Child (UASC) Leave. This is normally for 30 months or until the age of 17½, whichever is the shorter period. This form of leave is granted to separated migrant children where they do not qualify for refugee status or humanitarian protection, but where the Home Office cannot return them to their home country because it is not satisfied that safe and adequate reception arrangements are in place in that country. It is a form of temporary leave to remain and is not a route to settlement. It is important to note that this decision is a refusal of the child's asylum claim and will attract a right of appeal. The child will be assisted to obtain legal advice on appealing against such a refusal. Before the child's UASC Leave expires, they can submit an application for further leave to remain and/or a fresh claim for asylum, which will be considered. It is essential that they are assisted to access legal advice and make any such further application or claim before their UASC Leave expires.
  
  In such cases, care and pathway planning will therefore consider the possibility that the child may have to return to their home country once their UASC Leave expires or that they may become legally resident in the UK long-term (if a subsequent application or appeal is successful). Planning will also cover the possibility that they reach the age of 18 with an outstanding application or appeal and are entitled to remain in the UK until its outcome is known;
• Refused asylum and granted no leave to remain. In this case the separated migrant child is expected to return to their home country and their care plan will address the relevant actions and the support required. The Home Office will not return an unaccompanied child to their home country unless it is satisfied that safe and adequate reception arrangements are in place in that country. Any appeal or further application will be submitted where appropriate by the child's legal adviser.
  
  Although the above are the four main types of outcomes for a separated migrant child, there may be others. For example, a child may be granted discretionary leave depending on whether they meet other criteria such as needing to stay in the UK to help police with their enquires after being conclusively identified as a victim of trafficking. Other examples include leave as a stateless person; limited or discretionary leave for compassionate reasons; and limited leave based on family or private life.

10. Further Information

Legislation, Statutory Guidance and Government Non-Statutory Guidance

Statutory Guidance Modern Slavery: How to Identify and Support Victims

Care of Unaccompanied Migrant Children and Child Victims of Modern Slavery: Statutory Guidance for Local Authorities, November 2017

Safeguarding Children who May Have Been Trafficked (Home Office, 2011) - non-statutory government good practice guidance.

Interim Guidance for Independent Child Trafficking Guardians

Independent Child Trafficked Guardians Referral Form - in areas where the ICTG service has been implemented, if the first responder considers a child to be a potential victim of modern slavery, they should refer them to the ICTG service by completing the online referral form.

Modern Slavery Victims: Referral - guidance on referring potential victims of modern slavery/human trafficking to the National Referral Mechanism.

Modern Slavery Act 2015

National Transfer Scheme Protocol for Unaccompanied Asylum Seeking Children - national transfer procedure on transferring unaccompanied asylum seeking children (UASC).

Cross-border child protection cases: the 1996 Hague Convention (DfE) - guidance for local authorities dealing with international child protection cases.

Guidance on Processing Children's Asylum Claims - sets out the process which immigration officials follow in determining an asylum claim from a child and the possible outcomes for the child.

Age Assessment Process and Joint Working: Caseworker Guidance - immigration staff guidance on how the Home Office and local authorities in England assess age disputes from applicants claiming to be a child.

National Age Assessment Board: Caseworker Guidance - immigration staff guidance on the commencement of the National Age Assessment Board (NAAB).

Operation Innerste Process: Caseworker Guidance - Operation Innerste is a multi agency operation focused on safeguarding unaccompanied migrant children that are encountered inland in the UK. This document contains all details of the process when an Operation Innerste referral is made that the police, local authorities and Immigration Enforcement staff should follow.

EU Settlement Scheme: Looked-after Children and Care Leavers Guidance (proceduresonline.com)

Good Practice Guidance

Refugee and Unaccompanied Asylum Seeking Children and Young People: Guidance for Paediatricians (Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health)

Useful Websites

Local Government Association - Council Support: Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Unaccompanied Children - resource for council staff, designed to answer questions about supporting refugees, asylum seekers and unaccompanied children.

UK Modern Slavery Helpline and Resource Centre - Unseen (Registered Charity)

Refugee Council - Children's Panel - national remit to offer advice and support to unaccompanied children, and advise other professionals who are involved in their care.